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History of Science and Engineering

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RESULTS OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF INTEGRATED MEASURES FOR WEED CONTROL ON VEGETABLE CROPS IN VNIIO – A BRANCH OF THE FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION OF FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC PRACTICAL ORGANIZATIONS
N.I. Bernaz, A.F. Razin, R.A. Meshcheryakova

The main results of research in the field of protection of vegetable crops from weeds are presented. The system for protecting vegetables from weeds is one of the most important and difficult to solve problems. According to research results, up to 30–40 % of crop yield losses occur due to untimely cleaning of weeds from crops. Currently, 65–70 % of agricultural crops in Russia are littered to a moderate or severe degree and require protective measures. The existing complex of weed plants in vegetable crops in various regions of Russia is represented by 100 or more species, of which up to 30 % are found everywhere and are highly harmful in relation to the crops grown. The main types of annual dicotyledonous and cereal, perennial root shoots and rhizome weeds are determined. In the Moscow region, in the 21st century, an increase in the number and severity of relatively heat-loving weeds is noted, as a result of climate warming. The first experiments on the use of herbicides in vegetable crops were carried out at NIIOKh in 1955–1956 and already in 1958–1964, tractor kerosene on carrot crops, calcium cyanamide onion, dalapon, sodium trichloroacetate began to be used as herbicides on the state farms and collective farms beetroot and cabbage. Since 1960, with the assistance of VIZR, registration tests of new herbicides and studies were carried out with the aim of improving the assortment of drugs that are promising for use in vegetable growing in the main zones of commodity production of vegetables (NIIOKh – Non-Chernozem Zone, Biryuchekutsky Vegetable Experimental Station (OOS) – Rostov Region, Voronezh OOS - Central Black Earth Regions, West Siberian OOS - Western Siberia, Altai, Krasnodar OOS – Northern Caucasus, later Primorsky OOS – in the monsoon climate sea edge). Comprehensive weed control measures have been developed, including milling tillage to provoke active weed sprouting, the use of plowing with a two-tier plow, the alternation of oval plowing with non-mold cultivation, the rational alternation of continuous sowing with row crops in the vegetable-feed crop rotation. The use of herbicides in the cultivation of peas and oatmeal mixture damaged the root system of root shoots and rhizome, perennial species, signifi cantly suppressed their growth in the next second and third years. Herbicides were selected which, in combination with spring processing of vegetable crops, ensured the complete exclusion of manual weeding on vegetable crops. A large assortment of herbicides on the main vegetable crops was studied at the institute and at experimental stations, the most effective of them are recommended for use. In the practice of using herbicides in vegetable growing, there are still many bottlenecks that have not been duly addressed. In particular, the repeated use of narrowly selective herbicides in vegetable crops contributed to the emergence of resistant weed species, which required increased standards for the use of these drugs, which are unsafe for the environment. The search began for new highly effective herbicides and resource-saving technologies. Weed control systems have been developed for vegetable crops by fractional two-, three-fold use of tank mixtures of herbicides at an early stage of weed development (cotyledons – 2 true leaves), reducing weediness by 92–98 %. In the coming period, the task is to develop resource-saving integrated systems for protecting crops from weeds, taking into account environmental and environmental requirements.
Keywords: herbicide, vegetable crops, soil treatment, weed plants, combined use, fractional application, tank mix systems, protection, chemical control method.


DOI: 10.25791/intstg.10.2020.1223

Pp. 058-065.

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