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History of Science and Engineering

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ANAEROBIC ENZYME SYSTEM, REDUCING METHACRYLATE
O.V. Arkhipova

During the heyday of bioenergy in the second half of the 20th century, it was shown that many anaerobic bacteria are able to receive energy (ie, synthesize the "energy currency of the cell" – ATP) as a result of the work of electron transport chains (ETC), the components of which are located in the bacterial membrane. Currently, an idea of the anaerobic respiration of bacteria can be obtained even in a school biology course. This process is similar to the functioning of mitochondrial ETC in aerobic eukaryotic cells. The main difference between the ETC of anaerobic bacteria and the ETC of mitochondria is the use of such compounds as, for example, nitrate, nitrite, sulfur, ferric iron, carbon dioxide or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor instead of O2. All mentioned compounds are of natural origin. However,by the beginning of the 21st century, information appeared about a unique type of anaerobic respiration, when an anaerobic bacterium uses a synthetic (unnatural) compound methacrylate as a terminal electron acceptor. Methacrylate (2-methylpropenoate) is a toxic compound, large-scale production of which was established in the second half of the 20th century for the manufacture of varnishes, paints, rubbers and plastics, is present in the waste of such industries. An unusual anaerobic bacterium Geobacter sulfurreduces AM-1, using methacrylate as a terminal electron acceptor, was obtained in pure culture by the staff of the Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms. Obviously, the study of the methacrylate type of respiration in G. sulfurreduces AM-1 is of fundamental (new process) and practical (transformation of a toxic compound) significance. The work carried out by employees of the Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms on the study of a unique enzyme complex, first discovered in the anaerobic bacterium Geobacter sulfurreduces AM-1, is presented. It consists of two colored proteins, localized near the surface of a prokaryotic cell - in the periplasm, and transforms the toxic synthetic methacrylate compound. The genome of G. sulfurreduces AM-1 is sequenced and assembled, and genes mrd and mcc, encoding the components of the methacrylate redox system, are identified. In addition, several more bacteria were discovered in the genomes of which there are homologous genes of the components of the enzyme system that restores methacrylate. For bacteria Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 2CP-1 and Denitrovibrio acetiphilus DSM 12809, methacrylate-reducing activity was first shown. Maturation and catalysis of the both periplasmic proteins and prospects for further research are discussed. The importance of such studies for environmental bioremediation is emphasized.
Keywords: Geobacter sulfurreduces AM-1, anaerobic respiration, periplasm, methacrylate, Mrd, Mcc.


DOI: 10.25791/intstg.11.2020.1241

Pp. 60-64.

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