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History of Science and Engineering

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CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS FOR INTEGRATED MECHANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN VEGETABLES
R.A. Meshcheryakova, A.F. Razin, A.M. Menshikh, I.I. Irkov

The article reflects the results of scientific research on the mechanization of vegetable growing from 1930 to 2020, the stages from creation to production of manual equipment (which was very important during the years of devastation after the Great October Revolution and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945) to the development of the latest technological complexes, machine technologies and machine systems in relation to the variety of specific soil and climatic zones and the organizational and economic conditions of the USSR, and then the Russian Federation, ensuring the industrial nature of the production of vegetables in large specialized farms. Machines for vegetable growing, developed jointly with other research institutes and design bureaus, were included in the machine system and were recommended for industrial production. Factories began to produce machines, while collective farms and state farms began to use them for the production of vegetables, which ensured stable high yields with minimal labor costs. The Institute has developed and recommended the production of technological complexes of machines for primary and pre-sowing tillage, sowing seeds and planting seedlings, caring for plants, harvesting cabbage, table root crops, onions, tomatoes, as well as technologies for cultivating and harvesting major vegetable crops. The development of technological complexes of machines and technologies made it possible to develop and introduce a single technological system in various zones of commodity production of vegetables. The introduction of a unified technological system for the production of vegetables ensured a 15–25 % increase in productivity, a 1,5–2-fold reduction in labor costs, and a 7–15% reduction in production losses. Money savings from reducing the cost of production amounted to 220 thousand rubles per complex. However, since 1993, the country has almost completely stopped development, and in industry the production of equipment for vegetable growing has been suspended. Only in the 2000s, under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, a scientific and technical program of the Union State of Russia-Belarus was prepared and implemented to improve the production and processing of fruits and vegetables based on advanced technologies for large and small-scale production using polished and calibrated fractions, inlaid seeds, using polymer gels, seed dressers, precision seed drills. The novelty and priority of technical solutions are protected by more than 250 copyright certificates and patents. Over 300 articles published, more than 100 books, brochures, recommendations, booklets published. The first publications of employees of the Institute for the Mechanization of Horticulture appeared in 1931, did not stop during the war years 1941–1945.
Keywords: system of machines; machine technology; technological complex; technological maps; efficiency; vegetables; vegetable growing.


DOI: 10.25791/intstg.10.2020.1217

Pp. 013-027.

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